Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which represents 80-85% of lung cancer cases, has drastically changed over the past two decades with the development of molecularly targeted therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Modern classification of mammary tumors depends on both histomorphology and molecular analyses. The most common histological type of breast cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of breast carcinoma cases, is invasive ductal carcinoma, classified as invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST) by the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Breast.

The aggressive basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) subtype, which strongly correlates with triple-negative (ER- PR- HER2-) breast cancers, comprises 15-20% of all breast cancer cases and has a poor prognosis, largely resulting from a lack of a molecularly-targeted treatment regimen. Loss of control of signaling pathways frequently triggers tumorigenesis, and molecules involved in these signaling pathways are frequent molecular treatment targets.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which develops in the top layer of the epithelium, and adenocarcinoma (AC), which develops in glandular epithelium cells, are two of the primary histological subtypes of carcinoma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically heterogeneous disease, and this genetic heterogeneity can contribute to varied clinical responses and survival outcomes among patients. One of the most common cytogenetic abnormalities, occurring in around 40% of newly diagnosed MM cases and up to 70% of relapsed/refractory MM cases,

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which is characterized by the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides within cerebral blood vessels, co-occurs with AD in 85-95% of AD cases and is an independent contributor to AD dementia.

Selectively inhibiting protein function through proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) has emerged as a novel cancer therapeutic strategy. PROTACs are small molecules with two active domains that bind to an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a protein of interest, which results in the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the protein of interest.

Endometrial polyps (EMPs) are localized overgrowths of endometrial tissue that are composed of endometrial glands, stroma, and blood vessels. The reported prevalence of EMPs increases with age and ranges from 8-35%, depending on the population studied. EMPs are generally considered to be benign, with risk of malignancy around 3%. However, EMPs have been associated with several endometrial cancers.

Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) is the most common form of clonal mosaicism and is recurrent in the blood cells of adult males. This chromosome alteration typically increases with age and has been linked with aging-related diseases including clonal hematopoiesis (CH), in which a single hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) gives rise to a genetically distinct subpopulation of peripheral blood or bone marrow cells, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

The era of personalized medicine and genome-based cancer therapies has been accelerated by next-generation sequencing technologies, which allow for the identification of gene variants with clinical implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and patient care. However, many newly identified variants have yet to be linked to disease, and these are referred to as variants of uncertain significance (VUS).